Pax Romana Essay Example

Pax Romana Essay Aelius Aristides obviously believes there are many benefits to the Pax Romana.Aristides feels that having a centrally run government is the best way for an empire to thrive.Through this government, greater trade is capable and no rebellions will occur. Another benefit is the concept of equality.Everyone living under the Roman Empire has citizenship and is therefore is equal.The governor sets an example of the proper way to be a citizen.In turn, the subjects follow by example, thus, order and peace reign throughout. First of all, this speech was given in front of the Emperor.You cannot speak pessimistically of your ruler to his face.Secondly, Aelius Aristides is living in Greece during a time of peace.This peace is very unique and well received in Greece particularly.Living in Greece, Aristides may not see the flaws of the Republic or he just might not care.He would like this peace to last thus giving him a biased viewpoint.The exaggeration used is a means for propaganda.While Aristi des knows there are flaws, the good outweighs the bad. I believe Aristides portrayal of the Pax Romana is a fair one.Nowadays, you cannot open the paper without reading about a hostage situation in Russia or a bomb going off in the Middle East.I am a firm believer that the ends justify the means.Yes the Roman Republic was fairly corrupted.Elections were rigged and the citizens really had no political power. The fact of the matter is, between 27 B.C. and A.D. 180, no major wars were fought.The economy went through ups and downs like it always does, but the governmental system in place was structured around equality and assimilation.This proved to be successful and enduring.

The Work Life Balance Social Work Essays

The Work Life Balance Social Work Essays The Work Life Balance Social Work Essay The Work Life Balance Social Work Essay Introduction: The function of work has changed throughout the universe due to the economic conditions and societal demands of the people. Original work was a affair of necessity and endurance. Throughout the old ages, the function of work has evolved and the composing of the work force has been changed. Today, work still is a necessity but it should be a beginning of personal satisfaction every bit good. One of the vehicles to assist supply attainment of personal and professional ends is work-life benefits and plans. Work-life balance is a meaningfull accomplishment and enjoyment in our mundane life. The companies can assist ease the work-life balance for their employees is through work life plans and preparation. Achievement and enjoyment at work is a critical portion of anyone s life. Furthermore, accomplishment and enjoyment in the other three quarter-circles of one s life ( e.g. household, friends and ego ) is critical every bit good. What is work life balance? There is no definition of work-life balance but it does look that the right balance for any individual may differ from the following. Balance is achieved in different ways for all the different people and has a different intent for all the people. Some people do this to equilibrate their duties for kids with work, while others want more clip to themselves, prosecuting in activities. Work-life balance, in its sense, is defined as a satisfactory degree of engagement or fit between the multiple functions in a individual s life f the emloyees. The People s perceptual experience of work-life balance is really subjective, as reflected by assorted descriptions of work-life balance by employees: A good balance is that a four-day work hebdomad. This allows to acquire all the stuff ( food markets, wash and cleansing ) done in one twenty-four hours and still hold two to make what the employees want. If the dream occupation of the employee has emphasis within in tolerable / manageable the bounds, so they will hold achieved a Work Life balance. A good work-life balance agencies something is simple: to work to back up my life, and non the other manner around us. I do nt desire to utilize my life to back up my work, I want to utilize my work so I can populate my life in the manner that I want it. If I can make this, so I have a good work-life balance . A Work-life balance for any individual is holding the right combination of the engagement in paid work ( defined by hours and the on the job conditions and the environment of the employee ) and other facets of their lives of the employee. This combination will alter as people move through life and have altering the duties and the committednesss in their work and personal lives of the employee. A Work life balance describes the relationship between the work and the committednesss in the remainder of your life, and how they impact on one another in concern and their personal lives. Employers, employees organisation and authorities want to maximize the engagement in the work force in work life balance.A However, in our demanding lives many people struggle to equilibrate work and the duties of caring for kids, household members with a disablement or aged parents and many other duties. For the other workers it s frequently hard to happen out the clip outside work for survey, volunteering, taking attention of their ain wellness or take parting in athletics and recreationit is really hard to make all this things to suit their wellness. There is no ideal work life balance in organisation ; everyone is different and the right balance may change over clip as households grow older and personal committednesss alteration and wellness. Having options about that how work is organised in organisation makes a pull offing work life demands which is merely possible by leting employees to work in the non-traditional work forms and locations that better fit their personal committednesss besides. Due to this Overall quality of life improves and concerns besides benefit from employees higher morale and committedness is occurs. For the employers the capacity to negociate flexible work agreements provides an counterpoison to loss of accomplishments and experience of the employee and the high cost of enlisting and keeping in a competitory labor market. Which cause a high loss in their concern Employers who provide flexible work options instantly gain a competitory border in the labor market by going employers of pick to acquire compitative edgefor the organisation. Time balance refers to equal clip being given to both work and to the household functions. Involvement balance refers to equal degrees of psychological engagement in both work and the household Roles besides. Satisfaction balance refers to equal degrees of satisfaction in both work and the household functions. Advantage of Work-life Balance An Effective work-life benefits promote the employees to make the work harder and harder and deter them fromA discontinue their appellation, harmonizing toA the research by the organisation. Contrary to conventional wisdom, A hold similar positions of work-life benefits, the board found in a study of over workers. Furthermore, the star employees assign about every bit much as importance to the work-life balance as other employees and have similar work-life. Employees in the organisation already implementing work-life patterns by enjoy important benefits which are: Bing able to efficaciously pull off multiple duties at place, work and in the community without guilt or repent in their lives. Bing able to work in flexible ways so that gaining an income of the employee to pull offing family/other committednesss go more easy. Bing a portion of a supportive workplace that values and trusts staff of the employee. Peoples want to be able to hold: A Good quality of life. An Enjoyable work life and the calling patterned advance. Good Training and development. A Good wellness. An Low-cost child care or their eldercare. A Further instruction. Money. Give Time to go. Spend Time with friends and household. Give some Time to make athleticss and avocations. Small spot Time to make a voluntary work. Benefits for your concern: A Good work-life balance policies and patterns are good for concern because.A Some of the benefits for you and your employee are: To Getting and maintaining the right staff at right topographic point. Geting the best end product from the staff. Bing an employer of pick and future proofing. Bettering productiveness of the organisation. To Getting and maintaining the right staff: To Finding and maintaining a good employee staff can be hard particularly in a tight labor market. Employers who can offer work-life balance and flexible work options are likely to hold the competitory border, derive entree to a wider enlisting pool, and are more likely to keep onto bing staff of the organization.. Geting the best end product from staff: A Poor work-life balance can take to do a large emphasis and absenteeism, and a really low end product from the staff. ToA Helping the employees achieve their work-life balance is built-in to their general wellness and well-being, increasing their work satisfaction and motive whixh is good for the organization.A They are able to more likely to be more committed to their work and acquiring more flexible and besides more antiphonal to the concern and the clients demands also.A Bing an employer of pick and future proofing: Bing an employer of pick can give you the competitory border for pulling the endowment because. An Employees who are positive about their work aid to the Foster a positive attitude in the wider community of the market.A Increasingly concerns are following patterns that make a positive difference for the environment and society of the labor and employee.A Staff are a really critical function in concern resource, so it makes good sound concern sense to develop and protect this resource which is really help full to the organisation. Bettering productiveness of the organisation: To Getting and maintaining the right staff from right topographic point and acquiring the best end product from them will assist to increase productiveness and net income for the organization.A Costss reduced with enlisting, preparation and absenteeism will besides cut down and employees will be more occupied motivated and committed with their work and due to this the productiveness is increase.A Your personal life: To Juggling the demands of your life outside work and your calling aspirations can be really hard. As a manner of assisting to equilibrate the two major things, we give employees the opportunity to work flexibly through strategies such as parttime hours, place working and occupation portion, every bit good as calling interruptions and drawn-out pregnancy leave which is good for the organisation and to the employee besides. The people who want a more flexibleness are parents, but non ever. Whatever your ground is behind, we ll make everything we can to happen a solution that suits you at the same clip as run intoing the demands of the company and the employee besides. The manner we work: There are other, less obvious countries where we ve changed the manner we work to promote a better quality of life to the employee. By Traveling to meetings costs money additions, and impacts the environment besides and takes people off from their places which is besides non good for the employee and their households and for the organisation. That s why we have introduced effectual ways for squads to pass on and portion information remotely to the orgaization. These include practical meetings, videophones and on-line coaction environments these engineerings is really help full in work life balance. We besides have new-generation video-conferencing that s so existent it s like run intoing face to face which is really good. Health A ; wellbeing: Our Personal Vitality run to promotes programmes and the activities which are designed to assist everyone in the company who is employee return attention of themselves due to this the profitableness is increased. On the one manus we concentrate on to the organic structure fittingness which is really really of import through promoting better nutrition, hygiene and personal attention. This includes enterprises runing from wellness appraisals to chances for physical activity. On to the other manner we focus on fittingness of bosom, head and spirit by making a vitalising work experience and environment for our people. Which is really of import This helps them experience energised and able to execute to the really best of their ability to make work. These are some advantages of work life balance. Disadvantage Of Work-life Balance Isolation: Professionals working from the place complain of isolation and solitariness given to removal from their foremans and coworkers and the employee this can be really dejecting to some. Since the workplace provides a location to run into people and to do friends, professionals working from place have to be more creativeness and resourceful in acquiring to cognize people and in remaining in touch with their co-workers of the organisation. Distractions: Although office distractions are avoided by working at their place because, different distractions may originate because. Breaks from their kids, work, neighbors, friends, household may be really riotous and particular attempts must be made to do it known that you are really working and unavailable for break within work hours despite your physical presence at place due to this the mootivatin is lessenings and will consequence the net income of the organisation. Trouble in dividing place from work: The enticement to prosecute in family affairs since you are at place is frequently really strong. Suddenly you may get down experiencing obliged to clean the place, do the shopping, the child care, the cookery, the place fundss and the socialising all while run intoing the full demands of the occupation excessively. It is indispensable to pull the line between place and work so as to avoid both countries enduring which is non good and consequence the organisation net income. Work does nt stop ; Since there is no-one looking over your shoulder implementing rigorous hours you may experience tempted to work endlessly.This force per unit area to work infinitely may be compounded by the fact that you feel there are greater outlooks made of you as a home-worker or by self-imposed force per unit areas to turn out yourself and your abilities in this agreement the employee does non work decently so. Furthermore the deficiency of physical separation between place and work may add to this force per unit area to work infinitely which is non good for the organisation point of position. Alienated from day-to-day company developments: A batch can alter from twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours in a company and you may happen yourself removed from the organisation and of import developments such as staff alterations, new concern, alterations in company way, new competitory intelligence etc this will consequence straight to the employee plants and besides to the company. Danger of being overlooked for publicity: The danger of being overlooked for publicities and calling development chances of the organisation is rather existent when you are off from the office working in place and other more seeable employees are actively and sharply competing for them because they are working in office. An unfastened line of communicating with direction and regular visits to the office are critical in order to turn out your dedication and committedness to your calling and to forestall the out-of-sight-out-of-mind syndrome this will besides consequence to the employee this is the chief disadvantage of the employee. Need for high self-denial: Working from place is non for company. It takes a batch of dedication, self-denial and subject to actuate yourself to persist in working at place entirely over the long tally without yielding to the distractions and losing thrust and impulse of the employee. Often a partial agreement where you report into the office one time or twice a hebdomad is the optimum agreement as it allows for close interaction with co-workers and supervisors and direction to guarantee you remain in touch with company developments while still allowing you the comfort and convenience of working from place. This are the chief Disadvantage of the work life balance. Who does it use to? The Work-life balance policies and the patterns can help all employee of the organisation, non merely those with have their immature kids. They assist people who are responsible for the attention of aged parents besides because we have to care themselves like a kids, people who have to analyze committednesss, those older employees who merely want to ease themselves into retirement we have to gave him esteem due to the experience or people with other personal and lifestyle committednesss. Our work and personal lives change across the life span with associated duties, and therefore the demand for work-life balance policies, altering all the clip. One thing that an increasing figure of people might hold in common in the hereafter is their lovingness duties for the aged ( e.g. parents and partner ) with the ripening of the population which is really of import for the employee because there is some tenson in the head of employee. IMPLEMENTATION OF WORKLIFE BALANCE IN PAKISTAN: The work life balance means that doing a balance between your work life and your place life like kids parents and married woman and place duties. There could be many grounds of altering in working pattern of an administration. Following are few factors responsible for alterations in working patterns over recent times. CULTURAL DIVERSITY ISSUES SKILSS SHORTAGE DEMOGRAPHICS LOCATION CUSTOMER DEMANDS THE MARKET PLACE How Telenor helps the work life balance: Telenor helps its employees to maintain a WORK LIFE balance between their personal and professional lives which is of import. Telenor Pakistan have enables most of its employees to work virtually from distant locations by its IT systems and tools. For merriment, employees at cardinal locations enjoy working out at the gym, playing picture games, pool, utilizing of cyberspace for refresh and regular leisure and athleticss activities, such as cricket lucifers and besides adventure trips. There are away-days where employees go out off from their offices, to bond and work in a similar merriment manner. TO Creating an ideal work environment: Telenor support a good work environment the employee characterized by the high job-satisfaction, chances for personal and professional development, and low rate of medical leave and hurts and medical. Health, Safety and Working Environment Management System: Telenor Safety A ; Security Department has been recognized by the Group degree for its public presentation. They identify the job and cut down work related hazards and advance overall wellbeing at work in add-on they take attention of employee wellness and safety at all times because human life is really of import. Telenor recent safety and security enterprises for employees included consciousness runs on the environment, substance maltreatment, allergic reactions, foremost assistance kits, fire safety alaram and survey related to relation between workers and their environments and clients. Management of Telenor Pakistan: Stress with all employees at work takes topographic point in every competitory market because of the clients attention, no affair if it is little or it s large job. The program should to pull off it non to extinguish it. Worldwide many companies have program and qualified trained their staff, enthusiastic sections to assist workers cover with work-related emphasis which isvery effectfull. Telenor Pakistan has a qualified squad of physicians who work with work force to assist command their force per unit area every bit good as an in-house counsellor to the employee. If you look for adept sentiment you are non going mad . Telenor Pakistan ensures 100 % privateness during our reding with the emplyee. Internal Value Creation ( IVC ) plays an really of import portion in many of Telenor Pakistan s nucleus organizational development processes because. This is chiefly an employee survey accomplished annually to take proposition and advice on how to come on the procedures and occupation environment at Telenor employee, together with the anxiousness issues. Indication to watch out for behavioral, Physical and emotional of the employee to the clients. If you feel you are experiencing tired or angry or down, it is all right to speak to a counsellor because this is non good because Telenor is a clients covering work. He/ She will simply help you acknowledge the existent evidences of agony and advice stairss to get the better of them by the to the full trained physicians of Telenor wich they will handle you. For its workers Telenor Pakistan cares really much by giving an unfastened ambiance nevertheless at the topographic point expressed thought suites peculiarly designed to give an flee for divine ideas. Company threshold characteristics periodical wellness guidelines written by in-house physicians for workers. Administrations help their work force or employee to pull off force per unit area by allowing annual foliages, medical screen every bit good as anxiousness direction workshops. Particular programme are planned particularly to halt tenseness at work at Telenor Pakistan wich is a competitory border for Telenor Pakistan from the other Telecomunication suppliers in Pakistan. There are held some really particular categories for the workers of yoga after work shifts terminals. Telenor provides a domestic leisure services besides Gym installation is provided in the office edifice back. In order to go for work staff autos are given this installation is particularly for employees with disablement and besides for female workers for the new wave service to pick and drop service. Internal athleticss competition with all the franchises, gay events for National Days and Mango Day, colors yearss, birthdays and anniversary, independence yearss etc. are arranged by the societal nine in Telenor Pakistan. To loosen up and watch films a peculiar domestic theater has been provided for Customer Relations ( CR ) . A alone counsel for drivers is besides in advancement wich is non in other telecommunication companies. Eventuality planning: In Telenor Pakistan they have concern unanticipated event process to do certain they are capable to manage outside hazards and force per unit area of the clients. Telenor besides offers its workers a 24 by 7 hotline for the clients, examined by the Safety and Security squad. Previous twelvemonth Telenor Pakistan put in topographic point a complete concern continuity construction. On-site medical attention For Telenor employees and female workers Telenor Pakistan provides 24 hours on call place wellness service that is a singular and a alone installation Telenor provides other than the telecommunication. This is besides its competitory border. Telenor is besides in the procedure of organizing at the topographic point dental check-ups it s besides organizing a inoculation plan for their employees. Challenge: Telenor faces a batch of challenges with the of all time increasing demands of HR director who locate all this things. It is truly difficult to employee and maintain the most first-class campaigners peculiarly across the universe. The world-wide administrations come across many differences about the cultural singularity of single states. They have to set culturally to the environment of several states. Telenor is brought out to tonss of differences to put to death at their most experts whilst still using the Human Rresource forces for that state to function the clients. Consequence: After profoundly analyzing the Human resource Department ( HRD ) of Telenor Pakistan, I consent that Telenor Pakistan is transporting out realistic ethnically compatible attack for its HR comparison other telecomunications. Though it s non advancing the cultural individuality programme that insistently really bad, but even so it is confronting fewer cultural dissensions among its HR. The may be the ground that Telenor is merely runing in two markets that are Asia and Europe. The European market place holds about the indistinguishable civilizations moreover three of its Asiatic market states are Muslims. I came through really extraordinary facts refering pull offing any company s Human Resource. I think that pull offing a spirited and civilization friendly Human Resource in a spirited worldwide market is a difficult occupation. However, so far, Telenor Pakistan is rather successful in recruiting and retaining amazingly gifted Human Resource worldwide.

Eassy Rewrite Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eassy Rewrite - Essay Example (Plutarch 28) This account is based on what was told to Plutarch’s own grandfather, which no doubt shaped Plutarch’s own view of Cleopatra. That Plutarch was not as impressed as Antony is obvious from his use of words like â€Å"squandered† and â€Å"incredible extravagance.† (Plutarch 28) Cleopatra’s fame, at least in the Western intellectual tradition, owes to a great extent her encounter with the Romans, and in particular Mark Antony amongst other leaders. This also means that the Roman perspective on Cleopatra and Egypt is shaped as much by these interactions, dealings and visits than other aspects of her rule and kingdom. This fame, however, was coloured by the Romans’ view of her as someone who led great men like Antony astray. She successfully captivated the attention of Antony as with Caesar earlier, but in Rome, for all her hospitality, she became â€Å"the victim of a vicious propaganda campaign† ( §1.3). At the heart of this unfortunate circumstance for Cleopatra was Octavian’s envy for and conflict with Antony. Thus, there are two opposing perspectives on Cleopatra. One is the affectionate perspective as indulged in by Antony, and the other is the negative picture portrayed by Octavian and much of the rest of Rome. In the end, the defeat of the former at the decisive battle of Actium allowed history to be largely swayed by viewing Egypt as an enemy of Rome, and Cleopatra as a seductress, enemy and loser. This negative characterisation of Cleopatra and Egypt were present in Octavian’s speech delivered before the battle. He gave the impression to his army that Egypt’s way of life was decadent, and that Antony had been â€Å"enslaved by [Cleopatra]†. (Cocceianus 54) Although Cleopatra’s effect Antony caused a deep impression and led him to develop close attachment, the wider and more lasting Roman view as promoted by Octavian and Plutarch, was one of

Talent Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Talent - Essay Example Talent individuals, whether they are employees or managers, know what they have to do in critical business situations. They don not become nervous in difficult situations, rather take logical steps to come out of such situations based on their precious knowledge, critical thinking ability, and talent. Talent is something that leads a company towards market domination and competitive edge. From the perspective of business, talent also refers to the ability of an employee to deliver good job performance. According to Wheeler, excellent talent refers to such individuals who produce above-average performances, whereas poor talent refers to those who produce less than average performances. I also possess such qualities or skills that I would call ‘talent’. For example, I can make good decisions even in critical conditions. Moreover, I have the ability to manage a large number of interrelated works in a systematic manner. Therefore, I would call myself as a talented

Evaluation Speech Self Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Evaluation Speech Self - Essay Example 4. The speaker needs to work on adding variety his speech patterns more, placing emphasis and stress on the important points he wants to convey. He should add variations in tone and volume, and support with the appropriate gestures. 1. Gabrielle tries to make a strong opening also, but comes across as a bit self-conscious and shy, and this is further underscored by her gestures which are rather frequent and nervous. The beginning is not effective in capturing the audience’s attention. 2. The speech is poorly organized. Her topics are not well-structured. She tended to repeat some things, such as the fact that she wants to help people. She also tended to jump from one point to the next and back again, as in alternating between events in her life (her course, what she wants to take up) interspersed with comments about her personal inclinations, then back again. The topics are not quite ordered in a logical sequence. There don’t appear to be three main points in her speech, but if there are three main points, they would be her aspiration about what she wants to do, her independence from her parents’ decisions, and the fact that she is aspiring to be a doctor in order to fulfil her desire to help others. The topics are not well delineated, however, as she tends to move among them alternatively. 3. The speaker is more animated in her tone, pitch, volume, and so forth, and tries to relate to her audience by maintaining eye contact with them. However, she fails to establish eye contact with the webcam as specified in the instruction. She tries to avoid note card dependence, putting it down at times and trying not to look at it, but then she picks it up again and looks again at it. 4. Gabrielle should not be too nervous, as she conveys this by her seeming desire to be conversational in her approach, and

Introduction To Social Work Practice

Introduction To Social Work Practice A referral has been made by the PSNI because they are concerned about two children aged 18 months and 4 years old following their attendance at an incident of domestic violence the previous Saturday evening. Area Child Protection Committee (ACPC,2005, 9.25) state Child protection is everyones business . Gateway teams have been established within the five Health and Social Care Trusts in Northern Ireland, to deal with all referrals both from professionals and members of the public who are concerned about a childs well being. Social work is a profession that embraces the principles of The Human Rights Act 1998(HRA). The Children Order (Northern Ireland) 1995 (Order 1995) underpins all aspects of the powers and duties of the social work mandate governed by social work law. The Northern Ireland Social Care Council (NISCC) code of practice reflect profession ethical and values which are intertwined with law, societal values and are at the heart of how workers conduct their practice. Article 66 of the Children Order places a duty on workers to investigate all allegations or suspicions of abuse likely to cause harm to a child. The Family Homes and DV (Northern Ireland) Order 1998 has been incorporated into the Children Order. Article 12 A, identifies the risk of harm to a child from witnessing DV, (Order, 1995). The social work role is to assess and intervene if a child is in need or at risk of significant harm. Article 17 of the Order defines a child in need as unlikely to achieve or maintain a reasonable standard of health or development without the provision of services by the Health and Social Services Trust or if the child is disabled (Order, 1995). Upon recite of this referral the worker must take time to tune in to the potential risks and appropriate action as a result of this information. The worker needs to contact the PSNI and clarify the details of the referral including the severity of the DV. Multi-agency working is a key function of social work in the area of child protection and fundamental to assessment of risk. Joint working protocols exist between the PSNI and workers in Northern Ireland. The lone working policies acknowledge, violence against workers is not unheard of and the PSNI will accompany the worker to enable them to carry out the initial assessment if needed. NI is a country emerging from conflict; however, stereotypical attitudes and beliefs about the PSNI and some members of the community are deep rooted. The worker needs to assess how s/he can proceed safely. According to the Order 1995, the welfare of the child is paramount. Social workers try to build positive relationships with parents and families. The Article 8 European Convention of Human Rights offers, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ protection for a persons private and family life, home and correspondence from arbitrary interference by the State, (www.yourrights.org). An over authoritarian approach may serve to alienate parents but this does not mean the worker takes unnecessary risks regarding her own or others safety, (NISCC, 2004, 4.3). The social worker is obliged to screen details of the people involved against the e-information system and the child protection register (CPR), for current or previous social service involvement. Names of the children need to be entered individually; it is not uncommon for one child in a family to be registered and another not. If the family or children have had previous involvement with social services and the case is now closed the manual records need to be accessed and read. If the worker has any ambiguity about the interpretation of the information, clarity must be sought with the principal social worker or whoever is the relevant party. Workers are accountable for the quality of their work. (NISCC, 2004,6.0) At present the worker has no way of identifying the level of risk posed to these two children. DV is a contributory factor in half of all the serious case reviews and 75% of the cases on the child protection register. (Hester, et al.1998). When all background information is gathered the worker needs to communicate her findings both in writing and verbally to the supervisor/team leader/manager, whom in turn has ultimate responsibility for prioritising the referral based on the available information. Failure to follow the risk assessment policies and procedures and effectively use information can have fatal consequences for the service user. If this referral was to result in a child/ren getting harmed the social work could be held personally culpable. Ignorance is not an excuse, (Stafford and Hardy 1996 cited Calder, 2003, p.8). Brearley, 1982, suggests risk is calculated by the likelihood of the variation of possible outcomes Past knowledge provides a reasonable basis for prediction of harm. Stafford and Hardy (1996 cited Calder, 2002, p.8.) The Children Order, Cooperating to Safeguard Children, 2003 and Our Children and Young People Our Shared Responsibility, 2006-2016 expresses the need for workers and all professionals to communicate. Partnership recognises the expertise of other professionals and agencies, including the parents when it comes to the protection of children. (NISCC, 2004,6.7) The ACPC policy states a child must be seen and spoken to by the worker within 24 hours and that an initial assessment of need is completed within 7 working days of receiving the referral (ACPC,2005,para 9.25). The worker will undertake the initial assessment with the family. Milner and O Byrne (2002) describe social work as a goal directed activity. The worker needs to know the possible impact of DV on the health and development of children this age and be able to recognise the signs and symptoms of abuse. The NISCC code of practice states a worker needs to adequately prepare and plan all aspects of work, (NISCC, 2004 6.4). According to Parker and Bradley, (2003) assessment is a balance between art and science. There are no scientific tools, which can predict human behaviour or eliminate risks totally. Social work training and education equip social workers with the knowledge and skills to practice. (NISCC, 2004) The social work profession is grounded in the humanistic principles before any direct interaction takes place the worker needs to reflect on what the serious nature of what she is intending to do. In the area of child protection there is a considerable power imbalance between the worker and service user. The worker is effectively calling the competency of the parents into question. Workers could expect parents to be less than welcoming. It is hardly surprising given the invasiveness and instructiveness of the investigative role of child protection. People may feel intimidated and fearful that their children might be taken into care. This can result in hostility, anger and resentment towards the worker. (Adams, et al, 2009 p224). According to Farmer and Owen, (1995) Mullender, (1996) and (Mc Williams and Mc Kiernan (1995), DV is always about power and control. Their research is overwhelmingly based on male to female abuse but they do acknowledge the existence of violence against men and reciprocal violence. The worker needs to be consciously aware of this and respect the marginalized and vulnerable position of victim and abuser of DV. The worker needs to modify her own practice to address these issues sensitively and in a manner that will not further the oppression of the victim. Various trains of thought exist as to whether empathy is a character trait or a learned skill that develops through continuous practice but it is crucial that the worker understand the importance of the perspective of the service user. Schulman 1984(cited in Cournoyer. p.22) states, Preparatory empathy involves putting yourself in the clients shoes and trying to view the world through their eyes. Beckett and Maynard (2005) believe in the name of respect, parents have a right to know why their family is being investigated and why the worker wants to see and speak to their children. Informing the parents of their rights, including their right to complain, taking time to explain the investigation process and taking time to actively listen to parents and encouraging them to express their views will at least go in some way to upholding public trust and confidence in the social work profession. The involvement of the gateway worker will be time limited. If this family need further intervention the gateway worker needs to set the precedence for further social work involvement. If a family have a negative experience of one social worker they are likely to perceive all social workers to behave the same. Cleaver, et al (1995) stresses the need for the worker to be open and honest from the start of the process, if any trust is to be established. Much of the assessment relies on participation of the parent, without which the worker will have great difficulty making an accurate assessment and as a result the children or the family may not get the support they need and the appropriate intervention to either meet their needs or keep them safe. (Parker and Bradley, 2003) In the spirit of social justice and ethical practice holding the balance between the safety of the children, the importance of family life to a child and the need to avoid unnecessary interference underpins every part of the Childrens Order as it applies in practice (Children Order, 1995). Professional ethics requires the worker to critical reflect at every stage of the process in order to think logically and make sense of what is happening. Awareness of their own prejudices and discriminatory attitudes and a willingness to challenge them means the worker can begin to approach this family in a genuine and anti oppressive manner. According to Preston-Shoot and Agass (1990, p38) reactions can be determined by the workers own personal history and current emotional experiences. A worker who has grown up in a home where DV has been an issue may have very different feelings compared to a social worker who has never had personal experience of DV. Workers have a professional duty under the NISCC codes of practices and in the interests of social justice not to just maintain but promote the dignity and worth of all services users. Banks (2006, p3) states, Professional values need to distinguish between personal values. If the worker has concerns she can explore them through supervision either with her team or senior. Pauline Hardiker has developed the single assessment framework tool for assessing the needs of children-Understanding Needs of Children in Northern Ireland (UNOCINI) tool. The UNOCINI adopts an holistic view to assessing the needs of children. It has three interlinked areas of assessment. The needs of the child, the capacity of their parents to meet their needs and the wider family and environmental factors, such as employment and housing issues are assessed as having an impact the childs life and well being. Our Young People Our Shared Responsibility, 2006-2016 is the Governments Ten Year Strategys pledge, which reflects the prevention through early intervention social policy ethos and parental responsibility and partnership principles of the Children Order are fundamental to the UNOCINI. Social workers have an ethical commitment, to promote social justice and equality to support parents in need, to bring up their children. The aim is early identification of need, purposeful intervention, with the objective of preventing difficulties escalating and promoting the strengths and resilience of the family. Threshold of needs correspond with risk. The thinking behind this is to promote a shared understanding between professionals to identify concerns, risk, needs and strengths, particularly in the area of communication. DV is cited in threshold three of needs, (DHSSPSNI, 2007). Mullender et al, (2004) believes children face three risks: the risk of observing traumatic events, the risk of being abused themselves, and the risk of being neglected. Jean Paiget (1896-1980) is instrumental in constructing the idea that healthy children develop through a serious of ordered sequences, known as milestones. No two children will follow exactly the same pattern but it would be reasonable to expect that a child of 18 months would be starting to talk, walk and explore their environment. A 4-year-old would be able to walk, talk in sentences, and be out of nappies. Osofsky, (2004,p4) stresses, Trauma due to domestic violence interferes with a childs development. Mullender et al (2004) whilst agreeing with Osofsky suggests that protective factors, such as a supportive not violent adult, a placid temperament and the childs young age and lack of ability to full appreciate what is happening might help reduce the risks to children. She does point out that each child is different and will respond differently. Professional ethics and values of the social work profession emphases the need to treat each child as an individual (NISCC, 2004, 1.1). The key factors in the parenting and child domain are basic care, ensuring safety, emotional warmth, stimulation, guidance and boundaries and stability. (Howarth, 2004,p24) A report by Davenport in 1984 cited in Howarth (2004) discovered DV has a very negative impact on the mental health of the victim. Parents are more likely to respond with irritability and anger or fail to respond at all, rendering them emotionally unavailable to their children. Attachment theory believes that if a childs primary attachment is damaged in the first or second year of their life they are at significantly increased risk of developing problems later in life. Fahlberg (1991, p.64) states The primary task to be accomplished during the first year of life is for the baby to develop trust in others and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ explore their environmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ children growing up in a violent household may be too frightened to show inquisitiveness. Humphreys et al (2006) explored the emotional turmoil of children drawn into participating in the violence leaving the child confused and afraid and the parent undermined as a valued human being in their own eyes and the in the eyes of the child. Humphreys has also drawn attention presumed attitudes that expect all mothers to love their children and treat them the same. The child that looks like the abuser or the child that is born as a result of rape may be more vulnerable to harm than the child who is none of these things. Maslows higher hierarchy of needs believes that a child needs to feel safe and have a sense of belongingness within their family if they are to achieve their full potential, (Hoghughi and Long, 2004). Without this they are unlikely to achieve their full potential. Smale and Tuson, (1993 cited Coulshed and Orme 1998) recommend the exchange model where all people are seen as experts on their own problems and the emphasis is on the exchange of information rather than the worker being the expert. Listening is a core skill of any communication process. Social workers have been ridiculed in the past for their know it all approach, often leaving families stigmatised and traumatised because of their investigations but without any purposeful intervention. Lord Lamming (Laming report, 2003 cited in Wilson and James, 2008, p.254) following the death of Victoria Climbe, is clear that the aim of communication with children or about children is to gain a comprehensive understanding of a day in the life of a child. Children may engage through play. The worker could ask the child what TV programmes they watch or who makes dinner or puts them to bed. DV is not just about controlling people it involves controlling the household movements. The social worker needs to maintain vigilance for any visible signs of injury and needs to ask the child what happened. Workers should engage parents at every stage of the process. The worker needs to ask the parents permission to share and collate the information; however, regardless if they agree or not the information will need to be shared in the interest of child protection. All social work involvement needs to be proportionate to the age and developmental needs of the children and the nature and severity of the risks, concerns and strengths of the individual child and their respective family. Farmer and Owen, (1995, p79) has highlighted that in the face of allegations couples often from a defensive alliance against outside agencies. They may have conflicting and confusing feelings of love and hate towards each other. Thompson,(2006) advised couples often have multiple truths of events and experiences. This advises the worker not to be drawn into giving personal judgements or opinions. Thompson,(2006) focuses on the personal, cultural and structural model of oppression, (PCS) which might explain why women do not leave. Dobash and Dobash, (1979 cited in Cleaver, 1999) suggest that on a personal level women feel shame and guilt; they know their children are affected and they dont report DV or seek support because they fear they will not be believed or that they may be killed for reporting it. The impact of violence can lead to the woman feeling worthless and isolated. Culturally women are brought up from childhood to be caretakers, to comfort others and as a result of this they may believe that they are responsible for the abusers attacks, if they were a better wife, mother, cook, and then the violence would stop. The patriarchal nature of society often sees many women dependant for finance on a man. Thompson (2006) remarks, bring a child up in poverty is not impossible but it is hard. Structurally, the lack of affordable housing and a lack of confidence in the legal system are barriers that prevent women from leaving an abusive partner. Family Homes and DV (Northern Ireland) Order 1998,Article 29 gives courts the power to remove an suspected abuser from the family home instead of removing the children. (Children Order, 1995) but this does not guarantee safety. The new Government have warned of social welfare cut backs; the worker has to balance the needs of the family against available scarce recourses. Banks (2003 p101) states, a worker needs to be able to challenge agency policies and practicesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Professional code of ethics along with education will have a role to play in this. A worker needs time to complete an accurate assessment. Heavy caseloads and a lack of resources have contributed to failure to protect in the past. Empowerment is about actively finding ways that the victim can make use of intervention to help themselves move towards the survivor role and care and their children without the support of the state. Conclusion Accurate, precise recording are vitally important to child protection and helps build the picture of childrens lives. The risks and strengths posed to them will provide the basis for shared understanding, analysis, decision-making and plans about the children and their family. The social worker on the Gateway team is responsible for drawing all the strands of information together. Health visitors, GP, PSNI, extended family all hold key pieces of information that could protect these children. The Gateway team is responsible for convening the initial case conference. All stakeholders need to contribute. Similar treads of poor communication, lack of interagency working and inaccurate recording, has consistently reappeared throughout Serious Case Reviews. In 1973 Maria Colwell aged 7 was beaten to death by her stepfather. In 2007 Arthur Mc Enhill set fire to his home killing his whole family, 7 in total and the same year 17month old Peter Connolly died after suffering horrific abuse. Domestic violence was a key feature in all of these tragedies. Pemberton, (2010, p17) advises, Patterns in social history and behaviour can be detected and something, which may appear insignificant in isolation, can be identified as a key warning sign in context Word Count: 3244

Cleaning up Bodies of Water with the Rio Salado Project :: Environment Environmental Pollution Preservation

As I looked out the window of the restaurant, I could see the sun bouncing off the sparkling water below. Boats and other water craft scatter the water as well as people on water-skis and inner tubes. The picturesque view makes life seem so much better and just looking at the river makes a person calmer. The scene just described is the view from the window of a restaurant called Sophia in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and the corresponding river is the mighty Mississippi. Although Minnesota is the land of 10,000 lakes, this scene could be found right here in the valley of Phoenix. The way this is possible is through the Rio Salado Project. After the Roosevelt Dam dammed the Salt River in 1911, the bed that formed in its place has become a garbage-infested hole stretching through a large potion of the valley. In 1966 a group of architecture students at ASU first proposed the idea of the Rio Salado Project to a community-wide audience. It was approved by the legislature in 1980 and extensive planning has been underway since. The project will take 26 miles of the dry river bed, fill it in with purified wastewater, and make it into a 7,000-acre park over the next 2 decades (Rio Salado Development District 1). I believe that we should continue with construction on the Rio Salado Project because of all its benefits to the valley area. The plan I am proposing is comprehensive of many plans already proposed since Rio Salado was first an idea over 30 years ago. The difference is that my plan combines the positive features of many different plans to make a new one. This includes ensuring that Town Lake provides a safe environment for all activities, providing flood control, encouraging development along the river, promoting recreation, improving the regional quality of life, attaining the economic benefits of the area, while still maintaining the historical content of the area. Up until the early 1900’s, the Salt River flowed without any control or restraints. However, it was a burden for travelers on the trail leading from Prescott to Tucson. In 1911 the Roosevelt Dam was built upstream from Tempe and the flow was reduced until in the late 1930’s when the river ceased to flow altogether. Many people have often wondered what it would be like if the riverbed would once again be filled with water.